Proposal of an assessment scale in competitive intelligence applied to the tourism sector
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37380/jisib.v7i1.214Keywords:
Competitive intelligence, tourismAbstract
Companies operate in uncertain environments, where decision-making is acomplex task. Thus, one of the key elements to take into account in the aforementioned decision-making is the environment in which the business operates. This is where competitive intelligence (CI) makes sense, understood as the process of establishing the environmental information needs, information acquisition and its analysis, transforming it into intelligence and putting it at the service of decision-makers in the company. This paper focuses on theproposal of a CI model that can be applied in the tourism sector, specifically in hotels, due to the relevance of this sector in many economies worldwide. In order to build the model a deep review of the CI literature was made and subsequently the content validation method was applied, for the purpose of identifying the most important items in the two first stages of the CI cycle: planning and collection.References
Aaker, D. A. (1983). Organizing a strategic
information scanning system. California
Management Review, 25(2), 76-83.
Adidam, P. T., Banerjee, M. & Shukla, P. (2012).
Competitive intelligence and firm's
performance in emerging markets: an
exploratory study in India. Journal of
Business & Industrial Marketing, 27(3), 242-
Aguilar, F. J. (1967). Environmental scanning.
New York: Macmillan.
Ahearne, M., Lam, S. K., Hayati, B. & Kraus, F.
(2013). Intrafunctional competitive
intelligence and sales performance: a social
network perspective. Journal of Marketing,
(5), 37-56.
Albagli, A., Dawson, P. & Hasnain, S. (1996).
Competitive science and technology
intelligence. International Journal of
Technology Management, 12(3), 320-328.
Benjamin, W. A. (1979). Management of business
information. Industrial Marketing
Management, 8(1), 51-56.
Bisson, C. (2014). Exploring competitive
intelligence pratices of french local public
agricultural organisations. Journal of
Intelligence Studies in Business, 4(2), 5-29.
Bose, R. (2008). Competitive intelligence process
and tools for intelligence analysis. Industrial
Management & Data Systems, 108(4), 510-
Brockhoff, K. (1991). Competitor technology
intelligence in german companies. Industrial
Marketing Management, 20(2), 91-98.
Calero, F. J., Parra, E. & Santana, A. (2010).
Vigilancia tecnológica e inteligencia
competitiva: un análisis de la demanda
tecnológica en alojamientos turísticos en
Canarias. Revista de Análisis Turístico, 9, 30-
Calof, J. L. (2008). Selling competitive
intelligence. Competitive Intelligence
Magazine, 11(1), 39-42.
Capatina, A., Nistor, R. & Bleoju, G. (2013).
Empirical evidence on cultural dimensions
related to competitive intelligence strategies
adopted by the romanian software companies.
Business Management Dynamics, 2(7), 20-27.
Casado-Salguero, G. & Jiménez-Quintero, J. A.
(2016). Competitive intelligence in the tourism
sector, with special focus on Southern Europe.
Tourism & Management Studies, 12(1), 136-
Chen, C. F. & Chiou-Wei, S. Z. (2009). Tourism
expansion, tourism uncertainty and economic
growth: new evidence from Taiwan and Korea.
Tourism Management, 30(6), 812-818.
Chonko, L. B., Tanner, J. F. & Smith, E. R.
(1991). Selling and sales management in
action: The sales force's role in international
marketing research and marketing
information systems. Journal of Personal
Selling & Sales Management, 11(1), 69-80.
Cleland, D. I. & King, W. R. (1975). Competitive
business intelligence systems. Business
Horizons, 18(6), 19-28.
Cloutier, A. (2013). Competitive intelligence
process integrative model based on a scoping
review of the literature. International Journal
of Strategic Management, 13(1), 57-72.
Davenport, T. H. (2006). Competing on analytics.
Harvard Business Review, 84(1), 98-107.
Day, G. S. & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (2006).
Peripheral vision: detecting the weak signals
that will make or break your company. Boston:
Harvard Business School Press.
De Carvalho, F. L. & Janissek, R. (2014). Uma
proposta de relação de requisitos funcionais
para um software de apoio ao processo de
inteligência. REAd: Revista Eletrônica de
Administração, 20(2), 425-460.
Dishman, P. L. & Calof, J. L. (2008). Competitive
intelligence: a multiphasic precedent to
marketing strategy. European Journal of
Marketing, 42(7-8), 766-785.
Dos Reis, C., de Abreu, A. F. & Agrasso, M. A.
(2013). Best practices in brazilian companies.
Journal of Technology Management &
Innovation, 8, 79-91.
Erickson, G. S. & Rothberg, H. N. (2013). A
strategic approach to knowledge development
and protection. The Service Industries
Journal, 33(13/14), 1402-1416.
Eugenio-Martín, J. L., Martín-Morales, N. &
Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and economic
growth in latin american countries: a panel
data approach (working paper 26). Milán:
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
Fahey, L. & King, W. R. (1977). Environmental
scanning for corporate planning. Business
Horizons, 20(4), 61-71.
Fahey, L. & Narayanan, V. K. (1982). The micropolitics
of strategy formulation 1. Academy of
Management Review, 7(1), 25-34.
Fatti, A. & du Toit, A. S. A. (2013). Competitive
intelligence in the South African
pharmaceutical industry. Journal of
Intelligence Studies in Business, 3(1), 5-14.
Faust, D. & Gadotti, S. J. (2011). La inteligencia
competitiva aplicada a las redes hoteleras
brasileñas. Estudios y Perspectivas en
Turismo, 20(2), 478-498.
Fernández, M. J. & Tañski, N. C. (2011).
Inteligencia competitiva: propuesta de modelo
sistémico como cambio organizacional para los
hospitales del sur de Brasil. Visión de futuro,
(2), 1-24.
Fleisher, C. S. & Bensoussan, B. E. (2007).
Business and competitive analysis: effective
application of new and classic methods. New
Jersey: Pearson Education.
Fleisher, C. S. & Wright, S. (2009, June). Causes
of competitive analysis failure: understanding
and responding to problems at the individual
level. In Third European Competitive
Intelligence Symposium. Stockholm.
García-Alsina, M., Ortoll, E. & Cobarsí-Morales,
J. (2013). Enabler and inhibitor factors
influencing competitive intelligence
practices. Aslib Proceedings, 65(3), 262-288.
Gatsoris, L. (2012). Competitive intelligence in
greek furniture retailing: a qualitative
approach. EuroMed Journal of Business, 7(3),
-242.
Ghoshal, S. & Westney, D. E. (1991). Organizing
competitor analysis systems. Strategic
Management Journal, 12(1), 17-31.
Groom, J. R. & David, F. R. (2001). Competitive
intelligence activity among small firms. SAM
Advanced Management Journal, 66(1), 12-20.
Guarrochena, M. & Paul, L. M. (2013).
Estrategias de gestión de la información
asociadas a la inteligencia competitiva:
apropiación práctica en organizaciones de
apoyo a empresas exportadoras. Visión de
futuro, 17(2), 148-167.
Guimaraes, T. (2011). Industry clockspeed's
impact on business innovation success factors.
European Journal of Innovation Management,
(3), 322-344.
Hambrick, D. C. (1982). Environmental scanning
and organizational strategy. Strategic
Management Journal, 3(2), 159-174.
Hernández-Nieto, R. A. (2002). Contributions to
statistical analysis. Mérida: Universidad de
Los Andes.
Hughes, D. E., Le Bon, J. & Rapp, A. (2013).
Gaining and leveraging customer-based
competitive intelligence: the pivotal role of
social capital and salesperson adaptive selling
skills. Journal of the Academy of Marketing
Science, 41(1), 91-110.
Jiménez-Quintero, J. A. & Aldeanueva-
Fernández, I. (2016). Dirección estratégica
internacional. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide.
Jin, T. & Ju, B. (2014). The corporate information
agency: do competitive intelligence
practitioners utilize it? Journal of the
Association for Information Science and
Technology, 65(3), 589-608.
Johns, P. & Van Doren, D. C. (2010). Competitive
intelligence in service marketing: a new
approach with practical application.
Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(5), 551-
Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2008). Tourism
development and economic growth: a closer
look at panels. Tourism management, 29(1),
-192.
Maltz, E. & Kohli, A. K. (1996). Market
intelligence dissemination across functional
boundaries. Journal of Marketing Research,
(1), 47-61.
Mariadoss, B. J., Milewicz, C., Lee, S. & Sahaym,
A. (2014). Salesperson competitive
intelligence and performance: the role of
product knowledge and sales force automation
usage. Industrial Marketing Management,
(1), 136-145.
Montgomery, D. B. & Weinberg, C. B. (1979).
Toward strategic intelligence systems.
Journal of Marketing, 43(4), 41-52.
Nemutanzhela, P. & Iyamu, T. (2011). The
impact of competitive intelligence on products
and services innovation in organizations.
International Journal of Advanced Computer
Science and Applications, 2(11), 38-44.
Opait, G., Bleoju, G., Nistor, R. & Capatina, A.
(2016). The influences of competitive
intelligence budgets on informational energy
dynamics. Journal of Business Research,
(5), 1682-1689.
Pasquali, L. (2010). Instrumentação psicológica:
fundamentos e práticas. Porto Alegre: Artmed
Editora.
Pearce, F. T. (1976). Business intelligence
systems: the need, development, and
integration. Industrial Marketing
Management, 5(2-3), 115-138.
Pelissari, A. S., Defreitas, I. V., Vanalle, R. M. &
Soares, M. L. (2012). Diagnóstico do uso da
inteligência competitiva empreendedora em
pequenas empresas da indústria de confecções
da cidade de Vila Velha–Es. Revista de
Administração da UFSM, 5(2), 183-203.
Pellissier, R. & Nenzhelele, T. E. (2013). The
impact of work experience of small and
medium-sized enterprises owners or
managers on their competitive intelligence
awareness and practices. South African
Journal of Information Management, 15(1), 1-
Pepper, J. E. (1999). Competitive intelligence at
Procter & Gamble. Competitive Intelligence
Review, 10(4), 4-9.
Pérez-Rodríguez, J. V., Ledesma-Rodríguez, F. &
Santana-Gallego, M. (2015). Testing
dependence between GDP and tourism's
growth rates. Tourism Management, 48, 268-
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy:
techniques for analyzing industries and
competitors. New York: Free Press.
Ramírez, R., Österman, R. & Grönquist, D.
(2013). Scenarios and early warnings as
dynamic capabilities to frame managerial
attention. Technological Forecasting and
Social Change, 80(4), 825-838.
Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R., Baker, T. L. & Andzulis,
J. M. (2015). Competitive intelligence
collection and use by sales and service
representatives: how managers’ recognition
and autonomy moderate individual
performance. Journal of the Academy of
Marketing Science, 43(3), 357-374.
Rothberg, H. N. & Erickson, G. S. (2013).
Intelligence in the oil patch: knowledge
management and competitive intelligence
insights. Journal of Intelligence Studies in
Business, 3(3), 29-36.
Rothschild, W. E. (1979). Competitor analysis:
the missing link in strategy. Management
Review, 68(7), 22-8.
Rouach, D. & Santi, P. (2001). Competitive
intelligence adds value: five intelligence
attitudes. European Management Journal,
(5), 552-559.
Safarnia, H., Akbari, Z. & Abbasi, A. (2011).
Review of competitive intelligence &
competitive advantage in the industrial
estates companies in the Kerman city:
appraisal and testing of model by Amos
graphics. International Business and
Management, 2(2), 47-61.
Samtani, M. & Capatina, A. (2012). Achieving the
next level of growth through competitive
intelligence practices: an exploratory study of
romanian offshore technology service
providers. Economics and Applied
Informatics, 3, 15-20.
Sashittal, H. C. & Jassawalla, A. R. (2001).
Marketing implementation in smaller
organizations: definition, framework, and
propositional inventory. Journal of the
Academy of Marketing Science, 29(1), 50-69.
Saxby, C. L., Parker, K. R., Nitse, P. S. &
Dishman, P. L. (2002). Environmental
scanning and organizational culture.
Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20(1), 28-
Sewdass, N. (2012). Proposing a competitive
intelligence (CI) framework for Public Service
departments to enhance service delivery.
South African Journal of Information
Management, 14(1), 1-13.
Sewdass, N. & du Toit, A. (2014). Current state of
competitive intelligence in South Africa.
International Journal of Information
Management, 34(2), 185-190.
Shih, M. J., Liu, D. R. & Hsu, M. L. (2010).
Discovering competitive intelligence by
mining changes in patent trends. Expert
Systems with Applications, 37(4), 2882-2890.
Søilen, K. S. (2015). A place for intelligence
studies as a scientific discipline. Journal of
Intelligence Studies in Business, 5(3), 35-46.
Søilen, K. S. (2016). Economic and industrial
espionage at the start of the 21st century:
status quaestionis. Journal of Intelligence
Studies in Business, 6(3), 51-64.
Šperková, L., Škola, P. & Bruckner, T. (2015).
Evaluation of e-word-of-mouth through
business intelligence processes in banking
domain. Journal of Intelligence Studies in
Business, 5(2), 36-47.
Strategic and Competitive Intelligence
Professionals (2014). SCIP. Retrieved from
https://www.scip.org/
Sun, L. & Wang, Y. Z. (2015). Identifying the core
competitive intelligence based on enterprise
strategic factors. Journal of Shanghai
Jiaotong University (Science), 20(1), 118-123.
Tiwari, V. (2011). Software engineering issues in
development models of open source software.
International Journal of Computer Science
and Technology, 2(2), 38-44.
Trong, L. (2013). Corporate social responsibility,
upward influence behavior, team processes
and competitive intelligence. Team
Performance Management: An International
Journal, 19(1/2), 6-33.
Tuţă, M., Zara, I. A., Orzan, G., Purcarea, V. L. &
Orzan, O. A. (2014). Competitive intelligence:
an enhancement to business intelligence.
Economic Computation & Economic
Cybernetics Studies & Research, 48(2), 1-11.
Vedder, R. G., Vanecek, M. T., Guynes, C. S. &
Cappel, J. J. (1999). CEO and CIO
perspectives on competitive intelligence.
Communications of the ACM, 42(8), 108-116.
World Tourism Organization (2015). Panorama
OMT del turismo internacional. Madrid: WTO.
Xu, K., Liao, S. S., Li, J. & Song, Y. (2011). Mining
comparative opinions from customer reviews
for competitive intelligence. Decision Support
Systems, 50(4), 743-754.
Yap, C. S. Rashid, M. Z. A. & Sapuan, D. A.
(2013). Perceived environmental uncertainty
and competitive intelligence practices. VINE:
The Journal of Information and Knowledge
Management Systems, 43(4), 462-481.
Zambon, A. & Anunciação, P. (2014). Inteligência
competitiva: percepções de valor no setor da
bijuteria. Revista Portuguesa e Brasileira de
Gestão, 13(2), 41-60.
Zhang, X., Majid, S. & Foo, S. (2010).
Environmental scanning: an application of
information literacy skills at the workplace.
Journal of Information Science, 36(6), 719-
Zheng, Z., Fader, P. & Padmanabhan, B. (2012).
From business intelligence to competitive
intelligence: inferring competitive measures
using augmented site-centric data.
Information Systems Research, 23(3), 698-720.
Zurub, H. H., Ionescu, A. & Constantin, V. D.
(2015). Measuring the economic impact of
tourism in european emerging
markets. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32,
-102.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).