SECI Knowledge Model and Opportunities of Engaging Business Intelligence by Maturity Level: Case Study at Selected Businesses in the Czech Republic

Authors

  • Petra Kašparová Technical University in Liberec
  • Tereza Michalová Technical University in Liberec

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37380/jisib.v13i2.1080

Keywords:

business intelligence, case study, knowledge management, maturity model, SECI

Abstract

This study aims to examine the possibilities of engaging business intelligence (BI) with regard to the level of maturity within systemic knowledge management (KM). The individual modes of knowledge sharing and conversion are illustrated in Nonaka’s SECI model that defines four conversion modes of knowledge exchange: socialisation, externalisation, combination and internalisation. The submitted case study presents the current and potential engagement of BI when applying knowledge conversion tools in three Czech organisations of various sizes. Most businesses use both tools (BI and KM) but they are often not able to coordinate their joint implementation in a suitable way. Currently, the results of the case study indicate a more optimal adaptation in the environment of larger businesses. However, the addressed businesses, regardless of their size, most often see the potential and great opportunities of the tools in the combination mode in the future.

References

Abubakar, Abubakar Mohammed, Hamzah Elrehail, Maher Ahmad Alatailat, and Alev Elci. 2019. ‘Knowledge Management, Decision-Making Style and Organizational Performance’. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 4 (2): 104–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003.

Abusweilem, Mohammed A., and ShadiHabis Abualous. 2019. ‘The Impact of Knowledge Management Process and Business Intelligence on Organizational Performance’. Management Science Letters, 2143–56. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.6.020.

Ain, NoorUl, Giovanni Vaia, William H. DeLone, and Mehwish Waheed. 2019. ‘Two Decades of Research on Business Intelligence System Adoption, Utilization and Success – A Systematic Literature Review’. Decision Support Systems 125 (October): 113113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.113113.

Almarabeh, Tamara, Amer Abuali, Sanaa Alsharrab, and Abed Alkareem. 2009. ‘Value Chain Model in Knowledge Management’, January.

Amidon, Debra, and Darius Mahdjoubi. n.d. ‘Atlas of Knowledge Innovation: Beyond Business Planning’. Accessed 17 November 2020. https://www.entovation.com/whatsnew/atlas1.htm.

Antunes, Helder de Jesus Ginja, and Paulo Gonçalves Pinheiro. 2020. ‘Linking Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning and Memory’. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 5 (2): 140–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.04.002.

Arefin, Md, Md Hoque, and Yukun Bao. 2015. ‘The Impact of Business Intelligence on Organization’s Effectiveness: An Empirical Study Article Information: For Authors’. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, ISSN: 1328-7265, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 17 (January): 263–85.

Arora, Ravi. 2002. ‘Implementing KM – a Balanced Score Card Approach’. Journal of Knowledge Management 6 (3): 240–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270210434340.

Baldé, Mariama. 2015. ‘Individual and Team-Level Predictors of SECI and Creativity: A Multilevel Approach’. MasterThesis. https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/11531.

Baldé, Mariama, Aristides I. Ferreira, and Travis Maynard. 2018. ‘SECI Driven Creativity: The Role of Team Trust and Intrinsic Motivation’. Journal of Knowledge Management 22 (8): 1688–1711. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2017-0241.

Barbeira, Marisa, Mário Franco, and Heiko Haase. 2012. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Networks Within the Healthcare Sector: Measuring Knowledge Management Capabilities’. European Conference on Knowledge Management, September, 37–XX.

Burkholder, Gary J., Kimberley A. Cox, Linda M. Crawford, John H. Hitchcock, and Michael Quinn Patton. 2020. Research Design and Methods: An Applied Guide for the Scholar-Practitioner / [Edited by] Gary J. Burkholder, Kimberley A. Cox, Linda M. Crawford, John H. Hitchcock ; with a Foreword by Michael Quinn Patton. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Faith, Charlote, and Amar Seeam. 2018a. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Academia: A Case Study Using a SECI Model Approach’ 9 (January).

Faith, Charlote, and Amar Seeam. 2018b. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Academia: A Case Study Using a SECI Model Approach’ 9 (January).

Farnese, Maria Luisa, Barbara Barbieri, Antonio Chirumbolo, and Gerardo Patriotta. 2019a. ‘Managing Knowledge in Organizations: A Nonaka’s SECI Model Operationalization’. Frontiers in Psychology 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02730.

Farnese, Maria Luisa, Barbara Barbieri, Antonio Chirumbolo, and Gerardo Patriotta. 2019b. ‘Managing Knowledge in Organizations: A Nonaka’s SECI Model Operationalization’. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (December): 2730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02730.

Gaardboe, Rikke, and Tanja Svarre. 2018. ‘BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SUCCESS FACTORS: A LITERATURE REVIEW’. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SUCCESS FACTORS, no. 1: 15.

Grossmann, Wilfried, and Stefanie Rinderle-Ma. 2015. Fundamentals of Business Intelligence. Springer.

Hooff, Bart van den, and Jan A. de Ridder. 2004. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Context: The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Communication Climate and CMC Use on Knowledge Sharing’. Journal of Knowledge Management 8 (6): 117–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270410567675.

Ipe, Minu. 2003. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Conceptual Framework’. Human Resource Development Review 2 (4): 337–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484303257985.

Jennex, Murray, and Lorne Olfman. 2003. ‘A Knowledge Management Success Model: An Extension of DeLone and McLean’s IS Success Model’. Knowledge Management, 12.

Keyes, Jessica. n.d. ‘Knowledge Management, Business Intelligence, and Content Management: The IT Practitioner’s Guide | Jessica Keyes | Download’. Accessed 10 May 2021. https://1lib.cz/book/2383671/7a143e?id=2383671&secret=7a143e.

Kuriakose, K. K., B. Raj, S. S. Murty, and P. Swaminathan. 2011. ‘Knowledge Management Maturity Model: An Engineering Approach’. In . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Knowledge-management-maturity-model%3A-an-engineering-Kuriakose-Raj/a0b243fd561ab912930f4d1a791a8faf58cdf663.

Lee, Chei Sian, and Rujuta Kelkar. 2013. ‘ICT and Knowledge Management: Perspectives from the SECI Model’. The Electronic Library 31 (April). https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471311312401.

Liebowitz, Jay. 2019. Strategic Intelligence: Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, and Knowledge Management. Taylor & Francis Group.

López‐Sáez, Pedro, José Emilio Navas‐López, Gregorio Martín‐de‐Castro, and Jorge Cruz‐González. 2010a. ‘External Knowledge Acquisition Processes in Knowledge‐intensive Clusters’. Edited by F. Javier Carrillo, K. Metaxiotis, and T. Yigitcanlar. Journal of Knowledge Management 14 (5): 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011074845.

López‐Sáez, Pedro, José Emilio Navas‐López, Gregorio Martín‐de‐Castro, and Jorge Cruz‐González. 2010b. ‘External Knowledge Acquisition Processes in Knowledge‐intensive Clusters’. Edited by F. Javier Carrillo. Journal of Knowledge Management 14 (5): 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011074845.

Martz, Benjamin, and Morgan M. Shepherd. 2003. ‘Testing for the Transfer of Tacit Knowledge: Making a Case for Implicit Learning’. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education 1 (1): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5915.00004.

Mohamad, Abdul Karim, Mailasan Jayakrishnan, and Mokhtar Mohd Yusof. 2022. ‘Thriving Information System through Business Intelligence Knowledge Management Excellence Framework’. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12 (1): 506. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp506-514.

Muhammad, Gul, Jamaludin Ibrahim, Zeeshan Bhatti, and Ahmad Waqas. 2014. ‘Business Intelligence as a Knowledge Management Tool in Providing Financial Consultancy Services’. American Journal of Information Systems, March, 8.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. 1991. ‘The Knowledge-Creating Company’. Harvard Business Review 85 (January): 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7009-8.50016-1.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. 1994. ‘A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation’. Organization Science 5 (1): 14–37.

Nonaka, Ikujiro, and Noboru Konno. 1998. ‘The Concept of “Ba”: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation’. California Management Review 40 (3): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942.

Nonaka, Ikujiro, Ryoko Toyama, and Noboru Konno. 2000a. ‘SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Uni®ed Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation’. Long Range Planning 33.

Nonaka, Ikujiro, Ryoko Toyama, and Noboru Konno. 2000b. ‘SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation’. Long Range Planning 33 (1): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6.

O’Dell, Carla, and C. Jackson Grayson. 1998. ‘If Only We Knew What We Know: Identification and Transfer of Internal Best Practices’. California Management Review 40 (3): 154–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165948.

Plessis, Marina du. 2007. ‘The Role of Knowledge Management in Innovation’. Journal of Knowledge Management 11 (4): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710762684.

Pranjić, Goran. 2018. ‘DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN THE BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 3.0 CONTEXT’. Ekonomska Misao 2 (July): 603–19.

Ragsdale, John, and Judith Platz. 2017. ‘TSIA Knowledge Management Maturity Model’. Technology Services Industry Association. 23 October 2017. https://www.tsia.com/Resources/TSIA-Knowledge-Management-Maturity-Model.

Rajteri, Irena Hribar. 2010. ‘OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE MATURITY MODELS’ 15.

Rostami, Najibeh Abbasi. 2014. ‘Integration of Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management – A Literature Review | Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business’, November. https://ojs.hh.se/index.php/JISIB/article/view/95.

Rouhani, Saeed, Amir Ashrafi, Ahad Zare Ravasan, and Samira Afshari. 2016. ‘The Impact Model of Business Intelligence on Decision Support and Organizational Benefits’. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 29 (1): 19–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-12-2014-0126.

Sabherwal, Rajiv, and Irma Becerra-Fernandez. 2013. Business Intelligence: Practices, Technologies, and Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Shehabat, Issa Mahmoud, and Mohammad Berrish. 2021. ‘Integration Between Knowledge Management and Total Quality Management in Jordanian Universities: Empirical Study’. Chapter. Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs. IGI Global. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch062.

Abubakar, Abubakar Mohammed, Hamzah Elrehail, Maher Ahmad Alatailat, and Alev Elci. 2019. ‘Knowledge Management, Decision-Making Style and Organizational Performance’. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 4 (2): 104–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003.

Abusweilem, Mohammed A., and ShadiHabis Abualous. 2019. ‘The Impact of Knowledge Management Process and Business Intelligence on Organizational Performance’. Management Science Letters, 2143–56. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.6.020.

Ain, NoorUl, Giovanni Vaia, William H. DeLone, and Mehwish Waheed. 2019. ‘Two Decades of Research on Business Intelligence System Adoption, Utilization and Success – A Systematic Literature Review’. Decision Support Systems 125 (October): 113113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.113113.

Almarabeh, Tamara, Amer Abuali, Sanaa Alsharrab, and Abed Alkareem. 2009. ‘Value Chain Model in Knowledge Management’, January.

Amidon, Debra, and Darius Mahdjoubi. n.d. ‘Atlas of Knowledge Innovation: Beyond Business Planning’. Accessed 17 November 2020. https://www.entovation.com/whatsnew/atlas1.htm.

Antunes, Helder de Jesus Ginja, and Paulo Gonçalves Pinheiro. 2020. ‘Linking Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning and Memory’. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 5 (2): 140–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.04.002.

Arefin, Md, Md Hoque, and Yukun Bao. 2015. ‘The Impact of Business Intelligence on Organization’s Effectiveness: An Empirical Study Article Information: For Authors’. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, ISSN: 1328-7265, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 17 (January): 263–85.

Arora, Ravi. 2002. ‘Implementing KM – a Balanced Score Card Approach’. Journal of Knowledge Management 6 (3): 240–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270210434340.

Baldé, Mariama. 2015. ‘Individual and Team-Level Predictors of SECI and Creativity: A Multilevel Approach’. MasterThesis. https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/11531.

Baldé, Mariama, Aristides I. Ferreira, and Travis Maynard. 2018. ‘SECI Driven Creativity: The Role of Team Trust and Intrinsic Motivation’. Journal of Knowledge Management 22 (8): 1688–1711. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2017-0241.

Barbeira, Marisa, Mário Franco, and Heiko Haase. 2012. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Networks Within the Healthcare Sector: Measuring Knowledge Management Capabilities’. European Conference on Knowledge Management, September, 37–XX.

Burkholder, Gary J., Kimberley A. Cox, Linda M. Crawford, John H. Hitchcock, and Michael Quinn Patton. 2020. Research Design and Methods: An Applied Guide for the Scholar-Practitioner / [Edited by] Gary J. Burkholder, Kimberley A. Cox, Linda M. Crawford, John H. Hitchcock ; with a Foreword by Michael Quinn Patton. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Faith, Charlote, and Amar Seeam. 2018a. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Academia: A Case Study Using a SECI Model Approach’ 9 (January).

———. 2018b. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Academia: A Case Study Using a SECI Model Approach’ 9 (January).

Farnese, Maria Luisa, Barbara Barbieri, Antonio Chirumbolo, and Gerardo Patriotta. 2019a. ‘Managing Knowledge in Organizations: A Nonaka’s SECI Model Operationalization’. Frontiers in Psychology 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02730.

———. 2019b. ‘Managing Knowledge in Organizations: A Nonaka’s SECI Model Operationalization’. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (December): 2730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02730.

Gaardboe, Rikke, and Tanja Svarre. 2018. ‘BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SUCCESS FACTORS: A LITERATURE REVIEW’. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SUCCESS FACTORS, no. 1: 15.

Grossmann, Wilfried, and Stefanie Rinderle-Ma. 2015. Fundamentals of Business Intelligence. Springer.

Hooff, Bart van den, and Jan A. de Ridder. 2004. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Context: The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Communication Climate and CMC Use on Knowledge Sharing’. Journal of Knowledge Management 8 (6): 117–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270410567675.

Ipe, Minu. 2003. ‘Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Conceptual Framework’. Human Resource Development Review 2 (4): 337–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484303257985.

Jennex, Murray, and Lorne Olfman. 2003. ‘A Knowledge Management Success Model: An Extension of DeLone and McLean’s IS Success Model’. Knowledge Management, 12.

Keyes, Jessica. n.d. ‘Knowledge Management, Business Intelligence, and Content Management: The IT Practitioner’s Guide | Jessica Keyes | Download’. Accessed 10 May 2021. https://1lib.cz/book/2383671/7a143e?id=2383671&secret=7a143e.

Kuriakose, K. K., B. Raj, S. S. Murty, and P. Swaminathan. 2011. ‘Knowledge Management Maturity Model: An Engineering Approach’. In . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Knowledge-management-maturity-model%3A-an-engineering-Kuriakose-Raj/a0b243fd561ab912930f4d1a791a8faf58cdf663.

Lee, Chei Sian, and Rujuta Kelkar. 2013. ‘ICT and Knowledge Management: Perspectives from the SECI Model’. The Electronic Library 31 (April). https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471311312401.

Liebowitz, Jay. 2019. Strategic Intelligence: Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, and Knowledge Management. Taylor & Francis Group.

López‐Sáez, Pedro, José Emilio Navas‐López, Gregorio Martín‐de‐Castro, and Jorge Cruz‐González. 2010a. ‘External Knowledge Acquisition Processes in Knowledge‐intensive Clusters’. Edited by F. Javier Carrillo, K. Metaxiotis, and T. Yigitcanlar. Journal of Knowledge Management 14 (5): 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011074845.

———. 2010b. ‘External Knowledge Acquisition Processes in Knowledge‐intensive Clusters’. Edited by F. Javier Carrillo. Journal of Knowledge Management 14 (5): 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011074845.

Martz, Benjamin, and Morgan M. Shepherd. 2003. ‘Testing for the Transfer of Tacit Knowledge: Making a Case for Implicit Learning’. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education 1 (1): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5915.00004.

Mohamad, Abdul Karim, Mailasan Jayakrishnan, and Mokhtar Mohd Yusof. 2022. ‘Thriving Information System through Business Intelligence Knowledge Management Excellence Framework’. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12 (1): 506. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp506-514.

Muhammad, Gul, Jamaludin Ibrahim, Zeeshan Bhatti, and Ahmad Waqas. 2014. ‘Business Intelligence as a Knowledge Management Tool in Providing Financial Consultancy Services’. American Journal of Information Systems, March, 8.

Nonaka, Ikujiro. 1991. ‘The Knowledge-Creating Company’. Harvard Business Review 85 (January): 162-+. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7009-8.50016-1.

———. 1994. ‘A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation’. Organization Science 5 (1): 14–37.

Nonaka, Ikujiro, and Noboru Konno. 1998. ‘The Concept of “Ba”: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation’. California Management Review 40 (3): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942.

Nonaka, Ikujiro, Ryoko Toyama, and Noboru Konno. 2000a. ‘SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Uni®ed Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation’. Long Range Planning 33.

———. 2000b. ‘SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation’. Long Range Planning 33 (1): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6.

O’Dell, Carla, and C. Jackson Grayson. 1998. ‘If Only We Knew What We Know: Identification and Transfer of Internal Best Practices’. California Management Review 40 (3): 154–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165948.

Plessis, Marina du. 2007. ‘The Role of Knowledge Management in Innovation’. Journal of Knowledge Management 11 (4): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710762684.

Pranjić, Goran. 2018. ‘DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN THE BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 3.0 CONTEXT’. Ekonomska Misao 2 (July): 603–19.

Ragsdale, John, and Judith Platz. 2017. ‘TSIA Knowledge Management Maturity Model’. Technology Services Industry Association. 23 October 2017. https://www.tsia.com/Resources/TSIA-Knowledge-Management-Maturity-Model.

Rajteri, Irena Hribar. 2010. ‘OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE MATURITY MODELS’ 15.

Rostami, Najibeh Abbasi. 2014. ‘Integration of Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management – A Literature Review | Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business’, November. https://ojs.hh.se/index.php/JISIB/article/view/95.

Rouhani, Saeed, Amir Ashrafi, Ahad Zare Ravasan, and Samira Afshari. 2016. ‘The Impact Model of Business Intelligence on Decision Support and Organizational Benefits’. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 29 (1): 19–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-12-2014-0126.

Sabherwal, Rajiv, and Irma Becerra-Fernandez. 2013. Business Intelligence: Practices, Technologies, and Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Shehabat, Issa Mahmoud, and Mohammad Berrish. 2021. ‘Integration Between Knowledge Management and Total Quality Management in Jordanian Universities: Empirical Study’. Chapter. Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs. IGI Global. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch062.

Shujahat, Muhammad, Saddam Rahim, Sammar Javed, M. Malik, T. Ramayah, and Junaid Ali. 2017. ‘Strategic Management Model with Lens of Knowledge Management and Competitive Intelligence: A Review Approach’. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems 47 (February): 55–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-06-2016-0035.

Štrach, Pavel. 2007. ‘Tvorba Výukových a Výzkumných Případových Studií’. Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 2007 (June): 22–36. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.62.

Takahashi, Adriana Roseli Wünsch, and Luis Araujo. 2019. ‘Case Study Research: Opening up Research Opportunities’. RAUSP Management Journal 55 (1): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0109.

Xuan, V.N. 2020. ‘Factors Affecting Knowledge Sharing in Enterprises: Evidence from Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam’. Management Science Letters 10 (2): 469–78. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.023.

Yin, Robert K. 2018. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sixth edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Downloads

Published

2023-10-02

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business

Section

Article

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).